![]() To understand the degree to which viruses impact on human life, one needs to consider the actual number of viruses that exist in the biosphere. Although bacterial species and protozoans mostly use extracellular resources to support their replication, viral replication requires cooperation from the host cell’s biosynthetic processes and concomitant suppression of the host antiviral response ( Virgin, 2014 Pfeiffer and Virgin, 2016). ![]() Viruses, both DNA and RNA forms, represent the most impactful types of pathogens with respect to the interference with intracellular environment. Yet, cells can be challenged with extreme perturbations caused by invasion of foreign life forms (pathogens) that aim to exploit the cell’s resources to ensure their own replication. ![]() There are an estimated 37.2 trillion cells in the human body ( Bianconi et al., 2013), organized into anatomically and functionally defined tissues that maintain their phenotypic stability in the face of environmental pressure, stochastic changes in gene and protein expression, and even structural genetic alterations ( Barabási and Oltvai, 2004 Stelling et al., 2004). ![]()
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